4.7 The Empire: the years of crisis 235вЂ“284, Schism 258вЂ“274 and Gothic invasion (255).4.6.4 The Year of Five Emperors and Severan Dynasty 193вЂ“235 AD.4.6.2 The Year of Four Emperors and Flavian dynasty 69вЂ“96 AD.4.6.1 Julio-Claudian dynasty 27 BC вЂ“ 68 AD.4.6 The Empire: The Principate 27 BC вЂ“ 193 AD.4.4 The Trumvirates and last years of the Republic 61вЂ“27 BC.4.3 Provincialisation of Anatolia 133 BC вЂ“ 114 AD.4.2.4 Pontus and the Mithridatic Wars 89вЂ“63 BC.4.2.3 Involvement with central Anatolian politics 190вЂ“17 BC.

4.2.2 Seleucid invasion of Europe and retreat from western Anatolia 196вЂ“188 BC.4.2 Roman intervention in Anatolia 3rd вЂ“ 1st centuries BC.3.6 Independent, semi-independent and client states.3.2 Wars of the Diadochi and division of Alexander's empire.2.6 Final years: the invasion of the Macedonians 358вЂ“330 BC.2.2 The subjugation of Ionia and the Ionian Revolt (500вЂ“493 BC).2.1 The fall of Lydia (546 BC) and the Lydian revolt.Byzantine Anatolia came under pressure of the Muslim invasion in the southeast, but most of Anatolia remained under Byzantine control until the Turkish invasion of the 11th century. In the subsequent centuries up to including the advent of the Early Middle Ages, the Parthians were succeeded by the Sassanid Persians, who would continue the centuries long rivalry between Rome and Persia, which again culminated in frequent wars on the eastern fringes of Anatolia. In the early 4th century, Constantine the Great established a new administrative centre at Constantinople, and by the end of the 4th century a new eastern empire was established with Constantinople as its capital, referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire from the original name, Byzantium. Roman control of Anatolia was strengthened by a 'hands off' approach by Rome, allowing local control to govern effectively and providing military protection. Anatolia subsequently became contested between the neighboring rivalling Romans and the Parthian Empire, which frequently culminated in the Roman-Parthian Wars.ДЄnatolia came under Roman rule entirely following the Mithridatic Wars of 88вЂ“63 BC. The Kingdom of Pergamum and the Republic of Rhodes, Rome's allies in the war, were granted the former Seleucid lands in Anatolia. The resulting Treaty of Apamea in (188 BC) saw the Seleucids retreat from Anatolia. The Seleucid Empire, the largest of Alexander's territories, and which included Anatolia, became involved in a disastrous war with Rome culminating in the battles of Thermopylae and Magnesia. After Alexander's death, his conquests were split amongst several of his trusted generals, but were under constant threat of invasion from both the Gauls and other powerful rulers in Pergamon, Pontus, and Egypt. Alexander the Great finally wrested control of the whole region from Persia in the 330s BC. In the aftermath of the Greco-Persian Wars, all of Anatolia remained under Persian control except for the Aegean coast, which was incorporated in the Delian League in the 470s BC. Anatolia fell under Achaemenid Persian rule c. Early in that period, Anatolia was divided into several Iron Age kingdoms, most notably Lydia in the west, Phrygia in the center and Urartu in the east. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Д¬lassical Anatolia is Anatolia during Classical Antiquity. ( May 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia's norms and is inclusive of all essential details. The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten.

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